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Overview

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is an infectious disease caused by the mpox virus. It presents with painful rashes, swollen lymph nodes, and fever. While most people fully recover, some may become seriously ill.

Anyone can contract mpox. Transmission occurs through direct contact with an infected person (via touch, kissing, or sexual intercourse), animals (during hunting, skinning, or cooking), contaminated materials (sheets, clothes, needles), or from mother to child during pregnancy. If you are infected with mpox:

• Inform anyone you have recently been in contact with.
• Stay home until all scabs have fallen off and a new layer of skin has formed.
• Cover lesions and wear a well-fitting mask when around others.
• Avoid any physical contact.

Transmission

Mpox is primarily spread from person to person through direct contact with infectious lesions on the skin or mucous membranes, or through respiratory droplets during prolonged contact. It can also be transmitted through contact with contaminated objects like clothing or bedding. Animal-to-human transmission can occur through bites, scratches, or activities such as hunting and preparing animal carcasses. People with multiple sexual partners are at a higher risk of contracting the virus.

Symptoms

Symptoms of mpox usually appear 1 to 21 days after exposure and can last 2 to 4 weeks. Common symptoms include a rash, fever, headaches, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and low energy. The rash begins as flat sores that evolve into fluid-filled blisters. These lesions can appear on the hands, feet, face, mouth, genitals, or anus.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Mpox is diagnosed through a PCR test, by taking samples directly from skin lesions. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, healing lesions, and preventing complications. Vaccination is recommended for those at risk, particularly healthcare workers and individuals with multiple sexual partners. Antivirals, such as tecovirimat, are also used in treatment.

Prevention and Care

Infected individuals should remain isolated until all lesions are fully healed. To prevent the spread, it is advised to cover lesions, wear a mask around others, and maintain strict hygiene. Avoid scratching the lesions and regularly disinfect shared spaces.

Outbreaks

Since its emergence in 1970, mpox has been sporadically observed in Central and West Africa. A global outbreak occurred in 2022-2023, primarily, but not exclusively, affecting men who have sex with men. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in July 2022 and implemented a strategic plan to contain the virus’s spread.

For more information, consult WHO resources on mpox.